NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialisation

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialisation

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialisation

Q.1. Explain the following :
(a) Woman workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny. [CBSE Sept. 2011]
(b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns In Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.

(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
(d) The East India Company appointed Gomasthas to supervise the weavers in India. [CBSE Sept. 2011]
Ans. (a) The Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced the labour demands. By the use of this machine, a single worker could make a number of spindles, and spin several threads at n time. It simply meant that as a result of this machine, many weavers would be left without any job and became unemployed. It was this lea: of unemployment which —ace women workers, who survived on hand spinning. began attacking the new machines.

(b) The earlier phase of industrialisation in which large scale production was carried out for international market not at factories but in decentralised units.
(i) Huge demand: The world trade expanded at a very fast rate during the 17th and the 18th centuries. The acquisition of colonies
was also responsible for the increase in demand. The town producers failed to produce the required quantity.
(ii) Powerful town producers:

• The town producers were very powerful,
• The producers could not expand the production a: will. This was because in the towns, urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people within the trade.

(iii) Monopoly rights: The rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside.
(iv) New economic situation in the countryside: Open fields were disappearing in the countryside and the commons were being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants who were earlier depended on common lands became jobless So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce, peasants households eagerly agreed.

(c) (i) Most of the European companies had huge resources, so it was very difficult for the Indian merchants and traders to face the competition.
(ii) The European companies were gaining power by securing a variety of concessions from the local courts.
(iii) Some of the companies got the monopoly rights to Dade.
All this resulted in the decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly through which local merchants had operand. Exports from these ports fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up. and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt.
(iv)In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of -race that passed through Sura: had been t 16 million. By the 1740s. it had slumped to 3 million rupees.
(v) With the passage of time. Surat and Hoogly decayed. Bombay (Mumbai), and Calcutta (Kolkata) grew.

(d) (i) Monopoly right : Once the East India Company established political power, it asserted a monopoly right to trade.
(ii) New system: After establishing monopoly over trade :t proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. This it did through a series of steps.
(iii) Appointing Gomasthas: The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the doth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers. It appointed a paid secant called the Gomostha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(iv) System of advances: To have a direct control over the weavers, the company- started the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those, who took loans had to hand over the doth they produced to the Gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader.
(v) Use of power: The places where the weaver refused to cooperate the Company used its police. At many places weaver were often beaten and flogged for delays in supply.

Q.2. Write True or False against each statement:
(a) At the end of the 19th century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
(b) The international market for textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.

(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled the handloom workers to improve their productivity.
Ans. (a) False (b) True (c) False (d) True

Q.3. Explain what is meant by proto industrialisation.
Ans. The parly phase ol industrialisation in which large-scale production was carried out for international market not at factories but in decentralised units.

Q.4. Why did some industrialists in the nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over machines ? [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011]
Ans. (i) Expensive new technology: New technologies and machines were expensive, so the pioducers and the industrialists were cautious about using them.
(ii) Costlier repair : The machines often
broke down and the repair was costly.
(iii) Less effective : They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.
(iv) Availability of cheap workers : Poor peasants and migrants moved to cities in large numbers in search of jobs. So the supply of workers was more than the demand. Therefore, workers were available at low wages.
(v) Uniform machine-made goods: A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes.
In the mid-nineteenth century. Britain, for instance. 500 varieties of hammers were produced, and 15 kinds of axes. These required human skill, not mechanical technology.

Q.5. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from the Indian weavers ?
Ans. (i) Monopoly right : Once the East India Company established political power, it asserted a monopoly right to trade
(ii) New system : After establishing monopoly over trade :t proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. This it did through a series of steps.
(iii) Appointing Gomasthas : The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the doth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers. It appointed a paid secant called the Gomostha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
(iv) System of advances : To have a direct control over the weavers, the company- started the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those, who took loans had to hand over the doth they produced to the Gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader.
(v) Use of power : The places where the weaver refused to cooperate the Company used its police. At many places weaver were often beaten and flogged for delays in supply.

Q.6. Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encylopedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.
Ans. Self- explanatory.

Q.7. Why did the industrial production in India increase during the First World War ? [CBSE Sept. 2011]
Ans. Ans. (i) Decline of Manchester : With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army. Manchester imports into India declined.
(ii) Increase in demand : With the decline of imports suddenly. Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
(iii) Demand from army : As the War prolonged. Indian factories were called upon to supply war need;i.e.. jute bags, doth for the army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles, and a host of other items.
(iv) New factories : New factories were set up. and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed, and everyone was made to work for longer hours. Over the war years, industrial production boomed.
(v) Downfall of British industry and boon for home industry : After the war Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market. Unable to modernise and compete with the US. Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing the home market.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The person who got people from village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in cities and provided them money is times of need was known as: [CBSE (CCE) 2011]
(a) Stapler
(b) Fuller
(c) Gomastha
(d) Jobber

2. Where was the first Indian Jute mill set up? [CBSE (CCE) 2011]
(a) Bengal
(b) Bombay
(c) Madras
(d) Bihar

3. In 1911, 67 percent of the large industries were located in which one of the following places in India? [CBSE (CCE) 2011]
(a) Bengal and Bombay
(b) Surat and Ahmedabad
(c) Delhi and Bombay
(d) Patna and Lucknow

4. Whom did the British government appoint to supervise weavers collect supplies and to examine the quality of cloth? [CBSE (CCE) 2011]
(a) Jobber
(b) Sepoy
(c) Policemen
(d) Gomastha

5. Indian Industrial growth increased after the First World War because
(a) Indian mills now had a vast home market to supply.
(b) British opened new factories in India.
(c) New technological changes ocurred.
(d) India became independent.

6. Which of the following helped the production of handloom cloth production?
(a) Technological changes
(b) Import duties
(c) Imposition of export dirties
(d) Government regulations

7. Why did the weavers suffer from a problem of raw cotton?
(a) The cotton crop perished
(b) Raw cotton exports increased
(c) Local markets shrank
(d) Export market collapsed.

8. In early 20th century handloom cloth production increased because
(a) factories were set up.
(b) new technology like looms with flying shuttle were introduced.
(c) merchants invested more capital in industry.
(d) demand for handloom increased.

9. How did the Indian weavers and merchants resist colonial control ?
(a) They went on strike to protest
(b) Decided to form guilds
(c) Demanded tariff protection and tried to create new market for the new produce
(d) Migrated to other place to look for new markets.

10. At which place did the first spinning and weaving mill set up in 1874 ?
(a) Kanpur
(b) Bombay
(c) Calcutta
(d) Madras

11. Why were there frequent clashes between the gomastha and the weavers ?
(a) The weavers hated foreigners.
(b) The gomastha forced the weavers to sell goods at a dictated price.
(c) Gomasthas were outsiders without long term social link with the village.
(d) None of the above.

12. Why were workers in England hostile to machines and new technology ?
(a) They did not know how to use these.
(b) They feared that they would lose their jobs and livelihood.
(c) The workers were too poor to buy new machines.
(d) They were scared of machines.

13. Indian handmade goods could not compete with the British machine made goods because
(a) these handmade goods were not of good quality.
(b) machine made goods were cheaper than hand made goods.
(c) hand made goods were not easily available.
(d) hand made goods were not appealing to them.

14. Which of the following was a European managing agency ?
(a) Tata Iron and Steel Company
(b) Andrew Yule
(c) Elgin Mill
(d) Birla industries

15. The main function of the jobber was to
(a) create jobs for the industrialists.
(b) get new recruits for the industrialists.
(c) help the middleman to get artisans for the company.
(d) to advise the company on the issues related to the weavers.

16. Which of the following innovations helped the weavers in increasing productivity and compete with mill sector ?
(a) Spining jenny
(b) Flying shuttle
(c) Cotton Gin
(d) Roller

17. By late 19th century why did the British manufacturers print calendars for advertisements ?
(a) Indian people were fond of using calendars in their houses.
(b) Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who did not know how to read or write.
(c) It was cheaper to advertise goods through calendars.
(d) It used to add beauty to the room.

18. In 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily because
(a) handloom material was cheaper.
(b) Indians preferred the handloom material.
(c) intricate design of handloom cloth could not easily be copied by the mills.
(d) using handloom material created national feeling.

19. Why did Manchester export to India decline after the first world war ?
(a) People were busy fighting the war.
(b) Factories closed down due to security problem.
(c) Factories and mills were busy producing goods to fulfil the need of army.
(d) Export trade was restricted by the government.

20 In Victorian Britain the ujiper classes-aristocratic class and bourgeoisie preferred handmade goods because
(a) they were made from imported material.
(b) the handmade goods came to symbolise refinement and class.
(c) they were better finished.
(d) only upper class could afford the expensive items.

21. Why were advertisements used to sell products in 18th century ? Mark the most important factor
(a) To help the consumer in choosing the products.
(b) To popularise the products by using pictures of gods and goddesses.
(c) To make the products look good and desirable.
(d) All the above

22. Nationalist Indian manufacturers used advertisement
(a) to impress the people
(b) to make Indian goods popular
(c) to use advertisement as a vehicle for spreading the message of Swadeshi
(d) to increase sale of products

23. Strike the odd one out from the following option. European managing companies were interested in in-vesting in
(a) Mining
(b) Rice production
(c) Jute
(d) Indigo

24. From which of the following trade did the early entrepreneurs make a fortune ?
(a) Textile trade
(b) China trade
(c) Trade in tea
(d) Industries

ANSWERS