NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Multiple Choice Questions
Single Correct Answer Type

Q1. Isostructural species are those which have the same shape and hybridization. Among the given species identify the isostructural pairs.
(a) [NF3 and BF3]
(b) [BF–4andNH+4]
(c) [BC13 and BrCl3]                             
(d) [NH3 and N0–3 ]
Sol: (b) NF3 is pyramidal whereas BF3 is planar triangular.
BF–4 and NH+4 ions both are tetrahedral.
BC13 is triangular planar whereas BrCl3 is pyramidal.
NH3 is pyramidal whereas N03 is triangular planar.

Q2. Polarity in a molecule and hence the dipole moment depends primarily on electronegativity of the constituent atoms and shape of a molecule. Which of the following has the highest dipole moment?
(a) C02
(b) HI                      
(c) H20                     
(d) S02Sol: (c) H20 will have highest dipole moment due to maximum difference in electronegativity of H and O atoms.

Q3. The types of hybrid orbitals of nitrogen in N02, N03 and NH4 respectively are expected to be
(a) sp, sp3 and sp2                                  
(b) sp, sp2 and sp3(c) sp2, sp and sp3                                   
(d) sp2, sp3 and sp
Sol: (b) The number of orbitals involved in hybridization can be determined by the application of formula:

where H = number of orbitals involved in hybridization
V= valence electrons of central atom
M= number of monovalent atoms linked with central atom
C = charge on the cation
A = charge on the anion

Q4. Hydrogen bonds are formed in many compounds e.g., H20, HF, NH3. The boiling point of such compounds depends to a large extent on the strength of hydrogen bond and the number of hydrogen bonds: The correct decreasing order of the boiling points of above compounds is
(a) HF>H20>NH3                        
(b) H20>HF>NH3(c) NH3>HF>H20                       
(d) NH3>H20>HFSol: (b) Strength of H-bonding depends on the electronegativity of the atom which follows the order: F > O > N .
Strength of H-bond is in the order:
H……. F > H…….. O > H…….. N
But each H20 molecule is linked to 4 other H20 molecules through H-bonds whereas each HF molecule is linked only to two other HF molecules.
Hence, correct decreasing order of the boiling points is HzO > HF > NH3.

Q5. In PO43- ion the formal charge on the oxygen atom of P – O bond is
(a) +1                      (b) -1                        (c) -0.75                    (d) +0.75
Sol: (b) Formal charge of the atom in the molecule or ion = (Number of valence electrons in free atom) – (Number of lone pair electrons + 1/2 Number of bonding electrons)

Q6. In N0–3 ion, the number of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen atom are
(a) 2, 2                    (b) 3, 1                      (c) 1,3                      (d) 4, 0
Sol: (d) In N-atom, number of valence electrons = 5
Due to the presence of one negative charge, number of valence electrons = 5 + 1 = 6. One O-atom forms two bonds (= bond) and two O-atom are shared with two electrons of N-atom.
Thus, 3 O-atoms are shared with 8 electrons of N-atom.
Number of bond pairs (or shared pairs) = 4
Number of lone pairs = 0

Q7. Which of the following species has tetrahedral geometry?

Q9. Which molecule/ion out of the following does not contain unpaired electrons?
(a) N+2
(b) 02                        
(c) O22-                    
(d) B2

Q10. In which of the following molecule/ion all the bonds are not equal?
(a) XeF4                 
(b) BF–4                    
(c) C2H4                  
(d) SiF4Sol: (c) C2H4 has one double bond and four single bonds. Bond length of double bond (C = C) is smaller than single bond (C – H).

Q11. In which of the following substances will hydrogen bond be strongest?
(a) HCl
(b) H20                     
(c) HI                      
(d) H2S
Sol: (b) HC1, HI and H2S do not from H-bonds. Only H20 forms hydrogen bonds. One H20 molecule forms four H-bonding.

Q12. If the electronic configuration of an element is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2 , the four electrons involved in chemical bond formation will be .
(a) 3p6
(b 3p6, 4s2          
(c)  3p6, 3d2         
(d) 3d1,4s2

Sol:(d) In transition elements (n -1 )d and ns orbitals take part in bond formation.

Q13. Which of the following angle corresponds to sp2 hybridisation?
(a) 90° (b)     120°                (c)     180°               (d) 109°
Sol: (b) sp2 hybridisation gives three sp2 hybrid orbitals which are planar triangular forming an angle of 120° with each other.

The electronic configurations of three elements A, B and C are given below.
Answer the questions from 14 to 17 on the basis of these configurations.
A ls22s22p6B ls22s22p63s23p3C ls22s22p63s23ps

Q14. Stable form of A may be represented by the formula
(a) A
(b) A2                    
(c) A3                   
(d)  A4Sol: (a) The given electronic configuration shows that A represents noble gas because the octet is complete. A is neon which has 10 atomic number.

Q15. Stable form of C may be represented by the formula
(a) C
(b) C2                     
(c) C3                   
(d)  C4Sol: (b) The electronic configuration of C represent chlorine. Its stable form is dichlorine (Cl2), i.e., C2.

Q16. The molecular formula of the compound formed from B and C will be
(a) BC
(b) B2C                 
(c)  BC2                
(d)  BC3Sol: (d) B represent P and C represents Cl. The stable compound is PC13 i.e., BC3.

Q17. The bond between B and C will be
(a) ionic
(b) covalent         
(c) hydrogen
(d) coordinate
Sol: (b) Both B and C are non-metals and therefore, bond formed between them will be covalent.

Q18. Which of the following order of energies of molecular orbitals of N2 is correct?

Q19. Which of the following statements is not correct from the view point of molecular orbital theory?
(a) Be2 is not a stable molecule.
(b) He2 is not stable but He+2 is expected to exist.
(c) Bond strength of N2 is maximum amongst the homonuclear diatomic molecules belonging to the second period.

Thus, dinitrogen (N2) molecule contains triple bond and no other molecule of second period have more than double bond. Hence, bond strength of N2 is maximum amongst the homonuclear diatomic molecules belonging to the second period.
(d) It is incorrect. The correct order of energies of molecular orbitals in N2 molecule is

Q20. Which of the following options represents the correct bond order?
(a) o2>o2>o+2
(b) o–2<o2<o2(c) o2>o2<o2
(d) o–2<o2>o+2

Q21. The electronic configuration of the outermost shell of the most electronegative element is
(a) 2s22p5(b) 3s23p5                               
(c) 4s24p5                
(d) 5s25psSol: (a) The electronic configuration represents
2s22p5= fluorine = most electronegative element
3s23p5 = chlorine
4s24p5 = bromine
5s25p5 = iodine

Q22. Amongst the following elements, whose electronic configurations are given below, the one having the highest ionization enthalpy is
(a) [Ne]3s23p1
(b) [Ne]3s23p3(c) [Ne]3s23p2
(d) [Ar]3d104s24p3Sol: (b) (b) and (d) have exactly half-filled p-orbitals but (b) is smaller in size than Hence, (b) has highest ionization enthalpy.

More than One Correct Answer Type

Q23. Which of the following have identical bond order?
(a) CN– (b) NO+                      (c) 0–2                        (d) 022-Sol: (a, b) CN– (number of electrons = 6 + 7 + 1 = 14)
NO+ (number of electrons = 7 + 8 – 1 = 14)
0–2 (number of electrons = 8 + 8 + 1 = 17)
022- (number of electrons = 8 + 8 + 2 = 18)
Thus, CN and NO+ because of the presence of same number of electrons, have same bond order.

Q24. Which of the following attain the linear structure?
(a) BeCl2
(b) NCO+                  
(c) N02                     
(d) CS2Sol: (a, d) BeCl2 (Cl – Be – Cl) and CS2 (S = C = S) both are linear, NCO+ is non-linear. However, remember that NCO(N = C = O) is linear because it is isoelectronic with C02.
N02 is angular with bond angled 132° and each O – N bond length of 1.20Ao (intermediate between single and double bond).

Q25. CO is isoelectronic with
(a) NO+
(b) N2                       
(c) SnCl2                  
(d) N02Sol: (a, b) Number of electrons in CO =14
Number of electrons in NO+ =14
Number of electrons in N2 = 14
Number of electrons in SnCl2 = 84
Number of electrons in N0–2 = 24

Q26. Which of the following species have the same shape?
(a) C02
(b) CC14                 
(c) 03                        
(d) N0–2Sol: (c, d) C02 →Linear, CC14 → Tetrahedral, 03 →Angular (V-shaped), N0–2 →Angular (V-shaped)

Q27. Which of the following statements are correct about CO32- ?
(a) The hybridization of central atom is sp3.
(b) Its resonance structure has one C – O single bond and two C = O double bonds.
(c) The average formal charge on each oxygen atom is 0.67 units.
(d) All C – O bond lengths are equal.

Q28. Diamagnetic species are those which contain no unpaired electrons. Which among the following are diamagnetic?
(a) N2                     
(b) N22- 
(c) 02                      
(d) o22-

Q29. Species having same bond order are
(a) N2                      
(b) N–2                       
(C) F+2                      
(d) o–2

Q30. Which of the following statements are not correct?
(a) NaCl being an ionic compound is a good conductor of electricity in the solid state.
(b) In canonical structures there is a difference in the arrangement of atoms.
(c) Hybrid orbitals form stronger bonds than pure orbitals.
(d) VSEPR theory can explain the square planar geometry of XeF4.
Sol: (a, b)
(a) Ionic compounds are good conductors only in molten state or aqueous solution since ions are not furnished in solid state.
(b) In canonical structures there is a difference in arrangement of electrons.

Short Answer Type Questions
Q31. Explain the non linear shape of H2S and non planar shape of PCl3 using valence shell electron pair repulsion theory.
Sol: The Lewis structure of H2S is:

Q32. Using molecular orbital theory, compare the bond energy and magnetic character of 0+2 and O–2

Q33. Explain the shape of BrF5.
Sol: Br-atom has configuration:
1s2, 2s22p6 , 3s23p63d10, 4s24p5
To get pentavalency, two of the p-orbitals are unpaired and electrons are shifted to 4d-orbitals.

In this excited state, sp3d2-hybridisation occurs giving octahedral structure. Five positions are occupied by F atoms forming sigma bonds with hybrid bonds and one position occupied by lone pair, i.e., the molecule as a square pyramidal shape.

Q34. Structures of molecules of two compounds are given below:

(a) Which of the two compounds will have intermolccular hydrogen bonding and which compound is expected to show intramolecular hydrogen bonding?
(b) The melting point of a compound depends on. among other things, the extent of hydrogen bonding. On this basis explain which of the above two compounds will show higher melting point.
(c) Solubility of compounds in water depends on power to form hydrogen bonds with water. Which of the above compounds will form hydrogen bond with water easily and be more soluble in it?
Sol:(a) Compound I will form intramolecular hydrogen bond because N02 and OH groups are close together whereas it is not so in compound II. Compound II will have intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Bonding in both the cases is shown below:

(b) As a large number of molecules can be linked together through intermo­lecular hydrogen bonding, compound II will show higher melting point.

(c) Due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding, compound I will not be able to form hydrogen bonds with H20 molecules. Hence, it will be less soluble in water. However, compound II can form hydrogen bonds with H20 molecules easily and hence it will be more soluble in water.

Q35. Why does type of overlap given in the following figure not result in the bond formation?

Sol: In first figure, the ++ overlap is equal to +- overlap and therefore, these cancel out and net overlap is zero.
In second figure, no overlap is possible because the two orbitals are perpendicular to each other.

Q36. Explain why PC15 is trigonal bipyramidal whereas IF5 is square pyramidal.
Sol: PC15 – The ground state and the excited state outer electronic configurations of phosphorus (Z = 15) are represented below

Sol: Dimethyl ether has larger bond angle than water. This is because there is more repulsion between bond pairs of CH3 groups attached in ether than between bond pairs of hydrogen atoms attached to oxygen in water. The carbon of CH3 group in ether is attached to three hydrogen atoms through c bonds and electron pairs of these bonds add to the electron charge density on carbon atom. Hence, repulsion between two -CH3 groups will be more than that between two H atoms.

Q38. Write Lewis structure of the following compounds and show formal charge on each atom. HN03, No2, H2so4Sol: Formal charge on an atom in a Lewis structure
= [total number of valence electrons in free atom] – [total number of non-bonding (lone pairs) electrons]
—1/2 [total number of bonding or shared electrons]

Q39. The energy of σ2pz: molecular orbital is greater than 2px and 2pv molecular orbitals in nitrogen molecule. Write the complete sequence of energy levels in the increasing order of energy in the molecule. Compare the relative stability and the magnetic behaviour of the following species:
N2, N+2, N–2, N22+

Q40. What is the effect of the following processes on the bond order in N-, and 02?
(i) N2 → N+2 + e– (ii) 02 → O+2 + e–

Q41. Give reasons for the following: ‘
(a) Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non- directional.
(b) Water molecule has bent structure whereas carbon dioxide molecule is linear.
(c) Ethyne molecule is linear.
Sol: (i) Since the covalent bond depends on the overlapping of orbitals between different orbitals, the geometry of the molecule is different. The orientation of overlap is different. The orientation of overlap is the factor responsible for their directional nature.
(ii) Due to presence of two lone pairs of electrons on oxygen atom in HiO the repulsion between Ip-lp is more. C02 undergoes sp hybridization resulting in linear shape (O = C = O) while H20 undergoes .sp3 hybridisation resulting in distorted tetrahedral or bent structure.

(iii) In ethyne molecule carbon undergoes sp hybridization with two unhybridised orbitals. One sp hybrid orbital of one carbon atom overlaps axially with sp hybrid orbital of the other carbon atom to form C – C sigma bond while the other hybridized orbital of each carbon atom overlaps axially with S orbitals of hydrogen atoms forming σ bonds. Unhybridised orbitals form π bonds

Q42. What is an ionic bond? With two suitable examples explain the difference between an ionic and covalent bond?
Sol: An ionic bond is formed as a result of the electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative ions formed by transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Q43. Arrange the following bonds ‘in order of increasing ionic character giving reason.
N-H, F-H, C-H and O-H

Sol. Electronegativity difference

Increasing order of electronegativity difference: C-H<N-H<0-H<F-H
Greater is the difference in electronegativity between two bonded atoms, greater is the ionic character.

Q44. Explain why CO2-3 ion cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure. How can it be best represented?
Sol: A single Lewis structure of CO2-3  ion cannot explain all the properties of this ion. It can be represented as a resonance hybrid of the following structures:

If it were represented only by one structure, there should be two types of bonds, i.e., C = O double bond and C – O single bonds but actually all bonds are found to be identical with same bond length and same bond strength.

Q45. Predict the hybridization of each carbon in the molecule of organic compound given below. Also indicate the total number of sigma and pi bonds in this molecule.

Q46. Group the following in linear and non-linear molecules: H20, HOC1, BeCl2 C120

Q47. Elements X, Y and Z have 4, 5 and 7 valence electrons respectively, (i) Write the molecular formula of the compounds formed by these elements individually with hydrogen, (ii) Which of these compounds will have the highest dipole moment?

Q48. Draw the resonating structure of (i) Ozone molecule (ii) Nitrate ion

Q49. Predict the shapes of the following molecules on the basis of hybridization. BC13, ch4, co2, nh3Sol: BCl3 – sp2 hybridisation – Trigonal planar
CH4 – sp3 hybridisation – Tetrahedral .
NH3 – sp3 hybridisation – Distorted tetrahedral or Pyramidal

Q50. All the C – O bonds in carbonate ion (CO2-3) are equal in length. Explain.
Sol: Carbonate ion is represented by resonating structures as given below:

Q51. What is meant by the term average bond enthalpy? Why there is difference in bond enthalpy of O – H bond in ethanol (C2H5OH) and water?

Matching Column Type Questions
Q52. Match the species in Column I with the type of hybrid orbitals in Column II.

Column I	Column II
(i) SF4	(a) sp3cf
(ii) if5	(b) d2sp3
(iii) NO2+	(c) sp3 d
(iv) NH4	(d) sp3
	(e) sp

Q53. Match the species in Column I with the geometry/shape in Column II.

Column I	Column II
(i) H30+	(a) Linear
(ii) HC = CH	(b) Angular
(iii) Cl0–2	(c) Tetrahedral
(iv) NH+4	(d) Trigonal bipyramidal
–	(e) Pyramidal

Q54.  Match the species in Column I with the bond order in Column II.

Column I	, . Column II
(i) NO	(a) 1.5
(ii) CO	(b) 2.0
(iii) o–2	(c) 2.5
(iv) 02	(d) 3.0

Q55. Match the items given in Column I with examples given in Column II.

Column I	Column II
(i) Hydrogen bond	(a) C
(ii) Resonance	(b) LiF
(iii) Ionic solid	(c) H2
(iv) Covalent solid	(d) HF
	(e) 03

Q56. Match the shape of molecules in Column I with the type of hybridization in Column II.

Column I	Column II
(i) Tetrahedral	(a) sp2
(ii) Trigonal	(b) sp
(iii) Linear	(c) sp3

Sol: (i) →c; (ii) → a; (iii) —> b

sp3 hybridisation – Tetrahedralshape
sp2 hybridisation – Trigonal shape
sp hybridization – Linear shape

Assertion and Reason Type Questions

In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.

Q57. Assertion (A): Sodium chloride formed by the action of chlorine gas on sodium metal is a stable compound.
Reason (R): This is because sodium and chloride ions acquire octet in sodium chloride formation.
(a) A and R both are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A and R both are false.
Sol: (a) Sodium chloride (Na+CL–) is stable ionic compound because both Na+ and CL– ions have complete octet in outermost shell.

Q58. Assertion (A): Though the central atom of both NH3 and H20 molecules are sp3 hybridised, yet H – N – H bond angle is greater than that of H – O – H.
Reason (R): This is because nitrogen atom has one lone pair and oxygen atom has two lone pairs.
(a) A and R both are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A and R both are false.

Sol:(a)

H20 has two lone pairs while NH3 has single lone pair, hence, H20 involves greater lone pair-bond pair repulsion.

Q59. Assertion (A): Among the two O – H bonds in H20 molecule, the energy required to break the first O – H bond and other O – H bond is the same.
Reason (R): This is because the electronic environment around oxygen is the same even after breakage of one O – H bond.
(a) A and R both are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A and R both are false.
Sol: (d) Bond energy of two (-O – H) bonds in H20 will be different.

Long Answer Type Questions
Q60. (i) Discuss the significance/applications of dipole moment.
(ii) Represent diagrammatically the bond moments and the resultant dipole moment in C02, NF3 and CHCl3.

Sol: (i) Dipole moment plays very important role in understanding the nature of chemical bond. A few applications are given below:
(a) Distinction between, polar and non-polar molecules. The measurement of dipole moment can help us to distinguish between polar and non-polar molecules. Non-polar molecules have zero dipole
moment while polar molecules have some value of dipole moment.
(b) Degree of polarity in a molecule. Dipole moment measurement also gives an idea about the degree of polarity specially in a diatomic molecule. The greater the dipole moment, the greater is the polarity in such a molecule.
(c) Shape of molecules. In case of molecules containing more than two atoms, the dipole moment not only depends upon the individual dipole moments of the bonds but also on the arrangement of bonds.
.Thus, dipole moment is used to find the shapes of molecules.
(d) Ionic character in a molecule. Knowing the electronegativities of atoms involved in a molecule, it is possible to predict the nature of chemical bond formed. If the difference in electronegativities of two atoms is large, the bond will be highly polar. As an extreme case, when the electron is completely transferred from one atom to another, an ionic bond is formed. Therefore, the ionic bond is regarded as an extreme case of covalent bond. The greater the difference in electronegativities of the bonded atoms, the higher is the ionic character
(e) Distinguish between cis- and trans- isomers. Dipole moment measurements help to distinguish between cis- and trans- isomers because ds-isomer has usually higher dipole moment than trans isomer.
(f) Distinguish between ortho, meta and para isomers. Dipole moment measurements help to distinguish between o-, m- and p-isomers because the dipole moment of p-isomer is zero and that of o-isomers is more than that of m-isomer.

Q61. Use the molecular orbital energy level diagram to show that N2 would be expected to have a triple bond, F2 a single bond and Ne2 no bond.

No bond is formed between two Ne atoms or in other words, Ne2 does not exist.
Bond Order = ½ (10 – 10) = 0 (No bond)

Q62. Briefly describe the valence bond theory of covalent bond formation by taking an example of hydrogen. How can you interpret energy changes taking place in the formation of dihydrogen?
Sol: The valence bond theory was put forward by Heitler and London in 1927. It was later improved and developed by L. Pauling and J.C. Slater in 1931. The valence bond theory is based on the knowledge of atomic orbitals and electronic configurations of elements, overlap criteria of atomic orbitals and stability of molecule.
The main points of valence bond theory are
(i) Atoms do not lose their identity even after the formation of the molecule.
(ii) The bond is formed due to the interaction of only the valence electrons as the two atoms come close to each other. The inner electrons do not participate in the bond formation.
(iii) During the formation of bond, only the valence electrons from each bonded atom lose their identity. The other electrons remain unaffected.
(iv) The stability of bond is accounted by the fact that the formation of bond is accompanied by release of energy. The molecule has minimum energy at a certain distance between the atoms known as intemuclear distance. Larger the decrease in energy, stronger will be the bond formed.

Valence bond Treatment of Hydrogen Molecule:
Consider two hydrogen atoms A and B approaching each other havingnuclei Ha and HB and the corresponding electrons eA and eB respectively.
When atoms come closer to form molecules new forces begin to operate.
(a) The force of attraction between nucleus of atom and electron of another atom.
(b) The force of repulsion between two nuclei of the atom and electron of two atoms.

Fig. (a) Two hydrogen atoms at a large distance and hence, no interaction, (b) Two hydrogen atom closer to each other atomic orbitals begin to interact, (c) Attractive and repulsive forces in hydrogen atoms when interaction begins. In case of hydrogen: Figure ‘a’ shows that two hydrogen atoms are at farthest distances and their electron distribution is absolutely symmetrical.
(a) When two hydrogen atom start coming closer to each other, the electron cloud becomes distorted and new attractive and repulsive forces begin to operate as shown in figure ‘c’
(b) In figure ‘c’ dotted lines show attractive forces present in atom already and bold lines show the new attractive and repulsive forces.
(c) It has been found experimentally that the magnitude of net attractive forces is more than net repulsive forces. Thus stable hydrogen molecule is formed.

Potential energy diagram for formation of hydrogen molecules:
When two hydrogen atoms are at farther distance, there is no force operating between them, when they start coming closer to each other, force of attraction comes into play and their potential energy starts decreasing. As they come closer to each other potential goes on decreasing, but a point is reached, when potential energy acquires minimum value.
Note:
(a) This distance corresponding to this minimum energy value is called the distance of maximum possible approach, i.e. the point which corresponds to minimum energy and maximum stability.
(b) If atoms come further closer than this distance of maximum possible approach, then potential energy starts increasing and force of repulsion comes into play and molecules starts becoming unstable.